Koban
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€438 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
€448 (suggested price)
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100275030
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
COD: 100295010
WARRANTYLa Koban
To have more beautiful and more toned legs, to lose weight, to stay outdoors, to keep fit or simply to feel good. There are many reasons for choosing the KOBAN, the fitness mountain bike designed for those who, regardless of age, decide to use their bike for physical activity.
#I adore.
Training with the KOBAN gives great satisfaction, also because the suspension fork makes it comfortable which is a pleasure.
A great security.
You can't help but trust them: the KOBAN has disc brakes and wide tyres, so why be afraid?
What beautiful climbs!
The KOBAN is also great uphill thanks to the 21-speed Shimano gearbox.
To each his own.
The KOBAN is available in 4 wheel sizes. So, there is something for everyone.
Scheda tecnica
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 38 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 43 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 48 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 38 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 43 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 48 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 38 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 43 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100275030 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 48 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 27.5" |
| Tire | 27.5x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 38 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 43 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 48 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 52 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 38 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 43 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 48 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 52 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 38 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 43 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 48 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
| DETAILS | |
|---|---|
| Model Name | Koban |
| Product Code | 100295010 |
| Colors | Matt Yellow Black, Matt Red Black, Matt Green Black |
| Weight | 15.5kg |
| FRAME | |
|---|---|
| Frame | Aluminium |
| Fork | Aluminium cushioned lockout |
| Size | 52 |
| BRAKES | |
|---|---|
| Brakes | Mechanical disc 160 mm |
| Brake Levers | Aluminium |
| WHEELS | |
|---|---|
| Rims | Double chamber aluminium |
| Wheel Dimensions | 29" |
| Tire | 29x2.10 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
|---|---|
| Gears | Shimano TY300 |
| Translation missing: en.products.product.deragliatore | Shimano TY500 |
| Gear Shifters | Push-pull microshift |
| Cassette | Shimano 7S |
| Crankset | Triple aluminium |
| COMPONENTS | |
|---|---|
| Handlebar Bend | Hi-ten |
| Handlebar Stem | Aluminium |
| Seatpost | Aluminium |
| EXTRA | |
|---|---|
| Included | Kickstand |
*According to the components availability, specifications are subject to change without notice.
**The autonomy may vary depending on the weight carried (cyclist's weight + weight of carried objects), the elevation (inclines), temperature, and road surface.
